Wednesday, January 14, 2009

"Que vos veni, senior Watson. Io vos necessita."


(Languages of this post: Interlingua, English)


Iste parolas non esseva multo inspirate; ma Alexander Graham Bell, qui habeva nascite in Scotia e viagiate al Statos Unite al etate de circa 21 (vinti un) annos, faceva historia quando ille los diceva durante maio, 1876. Le idea de usar filos e electricitate pro transmitter sonos habeva stimulate le imagination de multe inventores ante que Bell diceva ille parolas historic.

Helmholtz, le scientista german, un descendente de William Penn, un homine del religion quaker qui habva fundate le stato american Pennsylvania, habeva experimentate con iste problemas in su laboratorio in Heidelberg, Germania. Ben que ille non faceva multe progresso con su experimentos e los abandonava pro dedicar se al optica, in su libro "Sensationes de tono" ille discuteva possibile solutiones a iste problemas, e su ideas inspirava Bell.

Charles Wheatstone, qui habeva disveloppate un systema telegraphic que habeva essite usate in Anglaterra ante le universalisation del plus simple systema del americano Morse, habeva experimentate con un "lyra" electric que ille habeva inventate pro transmitter sonos musical.

In le ultime parte del Seculo XIX le possibilitate de transmitter e le voce e le musica per electricitate pareva obvie a diverse inventores. Solmente unes horas post que Bell habeva registrate su patente, Elisha Gray, un inventor statounitese, registrava su proprie patente pro un apparato telephonic. Ma iste pauc horas de prioritate assecurava que Bell capturava le honor de haber resolvite le problema de transmitter le voce per medio del electricitate.

Bell esseva elevate in un ambiente ben fertile pro inspirar le invention del telephono. In Edinburgh, Scotia, su patre habeva essayate a inseniar le linguage parlate al surdos per demonstrar a illes le movimento del labios e le vibrationes del gorga, e Alexander le habeva adjuvate in su effortios. Ma, menaciate per le tuberculose, le juvene Alexander vadeva a Boston in le Statos Unite cercante un climate plus clemente.

In le Statos Unite Alexander continuava le investigationes de su patre. Ille disveloppava un instrumento mechanic que traciava le vibrationes acustic sur un panello de vitro fumose. Ille anque aperiva un schola pro surdos. Duo ex su studentes esseva filios de patres ric, Thomas Sanders e Gradner Hubbard, qui se interessava personalmente in le ideas de Bell.

Inspirate per le ideas de Helmholtz, Bell disveloppava un forte interesse in usar le electricitate pro transmitter le linguage parlate, e tosto ille incontrava Thomas Watson, un juvene electricista, e le duo homines comenciava un collaboration fecunde. Illes experimentava con multe combinationes de filos e diaphragmas. Alicunes produceva sonos recognoscibile sin producer parolas parlate facilemente comprehensibile.

Ma le die de su vintessime none aniversario, Bell obtineva su patente, e Thomas Sanders e Gradner Hubbard provideva le moneta necesse a Bell que le permitteva construer duo apparatos robuste pro un demonstration in le exposition del centenario del independentia del Statos Unite in Philadelphia in 1876.

In prime loco, nemo prestava attention a su invention. Ma un die dom Pedro de Alcantara, le imperator del Brasil, visitava le exposition e videva Bell. Ille memorava con multe placer un visita agradabile que ille habeva facite a su schola pro surdos in Boston e peteva que Bell le demonstrava su instrumento.

"Sancte Deo," diceva dom Pedro durante le demonstration, "illo parla!" Su enthusiasmo attraheva le attention de alteres, inter illes Lord Kelvin, le scientista eminente anglese, e multe personas curreva de un extremo al altere del grande sala pro parlar al telephono de Bell e ascoltar lor voces.

Desde ille momento, le telephono comenciava a extender su vaste rete de communicationes a omne partes del continente american e postea a omne partes del mundo. Le regina Alexandra, tunc le princessa de Galles, installava un telephono inter su camera de dormir e illo de su filios, e ben tosto omne Anglaterra deveniva interessate in le invention de Bell. Mesmo George Bernard Shaw, le dramaturgo irlandese, cercava subscriptores pro servicio telephonic.

Post iste excitamento initial, comenciava a apparer altere inventiones utile pro le construction de retes telephonic extensive. Thomas Edison, pro exemplo, inventava un microphono de carbon que permitteva le transmission del sono a distantias plus grande.

Probabilemente le homine le plus importante in le disveloppamento de retes extensive de telephonos es Alfred Vail, qui standardisava le construction del infrastructura pro le prime centrales telephonic.

Ma le construction de systemas a grande distantia debeva attender un contribution importantissime de Lee Deforest, qui inventava le prime valvulas electronic que permitteva le amplification del son.

Gradualmente un serie de altere inventiones importante meliorava le efficientia del retes national e international, culminante in le invention del transistor, que faceva possibile le systema de interruptores electronic que nunc ha unificate le mundo in un rete de communicationes international que permitte le transmission de omne formas de information audiovisual.

Quando Alexander Graham Bell moriva in 1922, omne le telephonos american e canadian (unes 17.000.000) remaneva silente durante un minuta pro honorar le homine cuje invention inaugurava le epocha de transmission instantanee del parola parlate trans omne le mundo.

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Alexander Graham Bell and the Telephone

"Come here, Mr. Watson. I need you."

These words were not very inspired; but Alexander Graham Bell, who had been born in Scotland and had traveled to the United States at about twenty-one years of age, made history when he said them in March, 1876. The idea of using wires and electricity to transmit sounds had stimulated the imagination of many inventors before Bell spoke those historic words.

Helmholtz, the German scientist, a descendent of William Penn, a Quaker who had founded the Amercan state of Pennsylvania, had experimented with these problems in his laboratory in Heidelberg, Germany. Though he did not make much progress with his experiments and abandoned them to take up optics, in his book "Sensations of Tone" he discussed possible solutions to this problem, and his ideas inspired Bell.

Charles Wheatstone, who had developed a system of telegraphy that had been used in England before the universalization of the simpler system of the American Morse, had experimented with an electric "lyre" that he had invented to transmit musical sounds.

In the last part of the nineteenth century the possibility of transmitting both voice and music by electricity seemed obvious to various inventors. Only a few hours after Bell had registered his patent, Elisha Gray, an American inventor, registered his own patent for a telephone. But these few hours of priority assured that Bell would capture the honor of having resolved the problem of transmitting voice by means of electricity.

Bell was raised in an environment quite fertile for inspiring the invention of the telephone. In Edinburgh, Scotland, his father had tried to teach spoken language to the deaf by demonstrating to them lip movements and throat vibrations, and Alexander had helped him in his efforts. But, menaced by tuberculosis, the young Alexander went to Boston in the United States looking for a milder climate.

In the United States Alexander continued his father's investigations. He developed a mechanical instrument that traced acoustic vibration on a smoky glass surface. He also opened a school for the deaf. Two of his students were the sons of wealthy fathers, Thomas Sanders and Gradner Hubbard, who were personally interested in the ideas of Bell.

Inspired by the ideas of Helmholtz, Bell developed a strong interest in using electricity to transmit spoken language, and soon he found Thomas Watson, a young electrician, and the two men began a fertile collaboration. They experimented with many combinations of wires and diaphragms. Some produced recognizable sounds without producing easily understood spoken words.

But on his twenty-ninth birthday, Bell obtained his patent, and Thomas Sanders and Gradner Hubbard provided the money Bell needed to construct two robust instruments for a demonstration at the 1876 Philadelphia exposition celebrating 100 years of American independence.

At first, nobody paid any attention to his invention. But one day dom Pedro de Alcantara, the emperor of Brazil, visited the exposition and saw Bell. He remembered with great pleasure an agreeable visit that he had made to his school for the deaf in Boston and asked Bell to demonstrate his instrument to him.

"Good God," dom Pedro said during the demonstration, "it talks!" His enthusiasm attracted the attention of others, among them Lord Kelvin the eminent British scientist, and many people ran from one end to another of the Great Hall to talk into Bell's phone and to hear their voices.

From that moment, the telephone started extending its vast communications network to all parts of the American continent and then to all parts of the world. Queen Alexandra, then the princess of Wales, installed a telephone between her and her children's bedroom, and soon all England became interested in Bell's invention. Even George Bernard Shaw, the Irish dramatist, solicited subscribers for telephone service.

After this initial excitement other inventions useful for the construction of extensive telephone networks began to appear. Thomas Edison, for example, invented a carbon transmitter that allowed telephones to transmit sound to longer distances.

Probably the most important man in the development of extensive telephone networks is Alfred Vail, who standardized the construction of the infrastructure for the first telephone-network central offices.

But the construction of long-distance telephone systems had to await a very important contribution by Lee Deforest, who invented the first electronic tubes that allowed for the amplification of sound.

Gradually, a series of other important inventions improved the efficiency of national and international networks, culminating in the invention of the transistor, which made possibile the system of electronic switches that have now unified the world in a network of international communications that allow the transmission of all forms of audiovisual information.

When Alexander Graham Bell died in 1922, all the American and Canadian telephones (some 17,000,000) remained silent for a minute to honor the man whose invention inaugurated the age of instant transmission of the spoken word throughout the entire world.

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